Second Earl Of Rochester Essay Example For Students

Second Earl Of Rochester Essay The comedians shared an ability for causing others to feel awkward, especially by making them mindful of their own ethical insufficiencies. They utilized incongruity, mocking, and mind to assault human bad habit or indiscretion. One technique the comedian used to get their perusers consideration, while likewise causing them to feel awkward, was to depict those things that were esteemed unseemly to examine straightforwardly in the public eye. The old style case of a theme that was talked about away from plain view, yet the humorist utilized uninhibitedly, was sex. Notice of such things as sex can continually bring a snicker, energize sentiments of shrouded energy, or make ones cheeks ruddy from shame. John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester, and Jonathan Swift, were two comedian that were noted for utilizing unreasonable language and realistic portrayals to inspire wanted feelings from their perusers and to wage their assaults on human indiscretion. To comprehend Rochesters utilization of sex in his work, one must comprehend his abhorrence for reason. This can be found in his sonnet, A Satyr Against Mankind, when he remarks: Women and Men of mind, are dangrous devices, and ever lethal to appreciating fools. Rochester saw reason as a bad habit as opposed to an outstanding attribute in man. At the point when man followed a strategy that was exhorted by reason he transformed into a weakling who regularly double-crossed his beliefs, his family, and his companions. Rochester accepted that to appreciate genuine satisfaction one must follow a course directed by enthusiasm. In contrast to reason, the interests don't sell out ones faculties and standards. As per Rochester, the interests characterize who an individual is on the grounds that the interests include ones feelings and wants. Reason can't completely appreciate something like this. Rochester features this faith in his sonnets with stories of desire and sexual innuendoes. He utilizes unreasonable language and points not exclusively to taunt those that accept reason is simply the human personnel that can achieve vanity, yet in addition to depict to his perusers that erotic delight is the most elevated joy on the grounds that sexy joy is gotten from energy, not reason. Rochesters sonnets infrequently talk about affection in the conventional sense; rather, he examines it in a real setting. Normally, this would realize the rage in any moralist. His sonnets make reference to old figures that draw on pictures of mass bashes and revelry. He frequently utilizes language that evokes pictures of human genitalia. In his works, he even examines how a people sexual drive can't be fulfilled or how an individual can't perform explicitly. In Rochesters Upon His Drinking a Bowl, Rochester joins the part of liquor with that of sex: Cupid, and Bacchus, my Saints are,May drink, Love, still reign,With Wine, I wash away my cares,And then to Cunt once more. This mentality of sex and tipsiness is regularly connected with the antiquated Greeks and Romans, who Rochester makes reference to through Cupid and Bacchus. The wine fills in as an instrument to free oneself of their grip on reason. It regularly drives away the sentiment of nervousness that frequently exist between a man and ladies during times of closeness. It permits one to fulfill their real delight. The realistic word Cunt not just fills in as an image of sex and the female genitalia but at the same time is accustomed to realize the nauseate of any moralist or any objective person. A sensible man might want to feel that men don't see sex and ladies in such an unfavorable way. As indicated by Rochester, this isn't so. Men are rough animals that do consider sex and ladies in such a way. Rochesters The Imperfect Enjoyment is an entertaining story of keeps an eye on biggest dread untimely ejaculation:Smiling, she rebukes in a sort murmring Noise,And from her Body wipes the moist joy s;When a Thousand Kisses, wanderring oreMy gasping Bosome, is there then no more?Applyd to my dead Cinder, warms no more,Than Fire to Ashes, coud past Flames reestablish. Trembling, confusd, despondent, agile, dry,A wishing, feeble, unmoving lumpThe man is this sonnet is so energized by the intriguing appeal of his female buddy that he peaks before the sexual second historically speaking starts. He at that point gets baffled that he can not get a rehashed erection that prompt second. This sonnet entertains most perusers in light of the fact that most people comprehend the man and in all likelihood the womans disappointment. This sonnet additionally serves to represent the intensity of creative mind and enthusiasm. Creative mind and energy can convey an individual to the point of arousing euphoria and misery. It can likewise serve to annihilate a keeps an eye on pride. A sensible man might want to figure he could smother his intriguing considerations so he can perform well explicitly. This isn't so. Man is anything but a sensible animal; he is an energetic one. Rochesters Signior Dildo tells the story of a lady who plays on the absurdity of her male admirers for the basic utilization of their bodies:Our humble fine Dutchesses have a TrickTo Doat on a Fool, for his PrickThe utilization of the word Dildo in the title is sharp and fitting on the grounds that a dildo is a reproduction of the male penis that ladies use for masturbation. The lady in this sonnet is utilizing the male basically for his penis. Rochester additionally utilizes different words in this sonnet evoke pictures of the male penis, for example, prick, thumb, carrot, and flame. This sonnet additionally draws on the defects of ladies. Ladies can't self-remain alive. They need the guide of men to fulfill their sexy delights. Like men, they don't continue with sex out of regard and a loving adoration for their accomplice. They continue with sex on the grounds that their accomplice can fulfill them erotically. My Summary of Road Warrior EssaySwift proceeded with his mocking of researcher with another story including Gullivers fecal matter. Utilizing present day math, Gulliver determined the amount of water he would need to devour to stifle a fire. With a feeling of pride and fulfillment, he figured out how to quench the fire in a short time. Quick is transforming the logical world and its endeavors into a satire that ought to be performed in front of an audience. Peeing challenges are for middle school young men communicating their testosterone levels during restroom breaks, not for develop scholarly people. In an indecent and clever manner, Swift is again raising doubt about the importance of logical investigation. This episode can likewise be seen on an emblematic degree of what Swift accepts the advanced world is doing to society, especially feeling and feeling. The misuse of the cutting edge mind, which Swift would name as science and math, is stifles the flames of energy, feeling, and creative mind. These were the flames that seethed in the antiquated world and Swift accepts they ought to have seethed during his time. Gulliver and the researcher, be that as it may, were of an alternate attitude and persistently see their dung as improvement not decimation. Quick likewise utilizes unreasonable pictures in Gullivers Travels to communicate the absence of desire, feeling, and feeling in the advanced world. The handsomest among these Maids of Honor, a lovely frolicsome young lady of sixteen, would in some cases set me on the back endless supply of her areolas, with manyother stunts wherein the peruser will pardon me for not being over specific. in any case, I was so much disappointed that I importuned Glumdalclitch to imagine someexcuse for not seeing that youngster any more.Through Gulliver, Swift is deriding the advanced universes absence of desire for delight and the intriguing. He isn't really supporting across the board sensuality, however he is taking note of the absence of enthusiasm and feeling on the planet. Most men fanaticize about a wonderful bare lady stroking them. Gulliver doesn't on the grounds that these women dislike the best possible young ladies in England. Gulliver finds such sexual and energetic goes about as unpleasan t. The realistic and unreasonable pictures that Swift leaves for his perusers in Gullivers Travels energize the consideration of the peruser as well as leave the peruser with a negative impression of the advanced world. In the event that Gulliver had left a depiction of a heap of soil rather than his pee methodology, the peruser would maybe see his work as exhausting, yet not as comedic or frightful. The stories would have lost their defamatory tone, their sarcastic edge, and their comedic nature had Swift not utilized such pictures. Such pictures and language are a special component of sarcastic composition. Comedian needed to assault the indecencies of the network and dazzle a picture on their perusers. They, be that as it may, couldn't achieve this through flat social editorial. Each scholarly style has certain devices to catch its crowds. The sentimental people utilized productive language and otherworldly pictures. The pragmatist utilized pictures and words that captured how life truly was. The comedian utilized mind, incongruity, mockery, just as rough pictures and language. In the event that they neglected to utilize these instruments, at that point their assaults were not noticed and their words were not recalled. Rochester and Swift didn't neglect to utilize their mocking characteristics and their impact on the abstract world stays right up 'til the present time.

Western Australian Excursions: Off School Site Activities Policy

EDP120 Introduction to Teaching WA Excursion Policy: Off school site exercises record investigation This aim of this report is to examine the Western Australian (WA) Excursions: Off school site exercises approach archive and talk about activity plans for three potential situations. Viable 1 July 2003, (Western Australian Department of Education, (WA DoE), 2003) the method of reasoning behind the strategy is to set out and give principals, educators, and administrators from both government and secretly run schools with reliable, exhaustive measures and desires while being off school grounds.The WA school outing approach, composed by the Western Australian Department of Education perceives that an all around arranged, appropriately oversaw and educational plan adjusted off site school outing can add to the instructive advantages for an understudy. (WA DoE, 2003, p. 4 2. 1) With a journey not being a standard event in a school year, and accordingly a variety to the daily practice of a r un of the mill school day. It is basic to take note of that with any variety to an everyday practice and condition, that there is an expansion in the capability of dangers and risks. WA DoE, 2003, p. 4 2. 1) Especially, when understudies are in the open field and the activities of others can't be resolved. Likewise, schools have an ethical commitment to give a ‘duty of care’ to their understudies on and offsite school grounds. The consideration gave by the educator/s-in-control basically should be expanded comparable to these newly discovered potential dangers. (Branch of Education, Training, and Employment, (DETE), 2013) Hence, the significance of utilizing such a strategy in today’s instructing environment.With the training and wellbeing of understudies being central, schools are limited by customary law to ensure understudies, educators, and others. (DETE, 2013). It is in this manner wellbeing and security worries of students’, yet a lawful prerequisite to show that an excursion’s are arranged proficiently, oversaw and hazard evaluated. (Tronc, K. 2004) in case of a crisis, successful arranging limits the danger of disarray and enables instructors to make educated decisions.Furthermore, by sticking to the key focuses in the WA school trip approach, the school is subsequently lessening the odds of an expensive and extensive case if a court regards that the school has not penetrated its obligations. (Tronc, K. 2004). Key purposes of the strategy remember data for surveying dangers corresponding to; the earth of the journey, transportation of members, a students’ limit; according to wellbeing, ability level and social prerequisites, building up the aptitudes of the director/administrative group and competency levels of inclusion by outer providers.The approach at that point gives rules on; setting up oversight procedures, giving data and looking for assent from guardians, creating correspondence methodologies, crisis re action arranging, preparation understudies and managers, records that should be held, picking up endorsements for outings; regardless of whether it be interstate or worldwide and afterward makes note on secretly masterminded exercises. Situation One The guardians of an understudy are encountering money related troubles and can't stand to pay for their youngster to take an interest in the excursion.Whilst the arrangement doesn't give encourage relating to budgetary hardship, the strategy does plainly state, â€Å"Where monetary hardship is comprehended to be the purpose behind a student’s non-support, schools should attempt to give money related assistance†. (WA DoE, 2003, p. 11) It would be reasonable anyway to accept, that before a trip is arranged that the related expenses would have just been esteemed as sensible and moderate and endorsed by the chief to permit understudies to partake. (NSW Government, Education and Communities, 2009).Hence, it would make sense that in the event that a parent was under monetary weight because of the outing, at that point the suitable strategy is talk about their given circumstance with the chief to get accessible money related help. The issues with the strategy in regards to monetary help is that there are no proper rules as to deciding qualification necessities, nor concerning how much help ought to be given and what might without a doubt be considered money related hardship in the approach. In light of this absence of direction it is sensible to expect that the chief would decide the help level dependent on the seriousness of hardship.However, the predictable issue with this is guardians/gatekeepers could put undue weight back on the school for continuous help or to be sure exploit the financing accessible. Strangely to take note of The ACT Government gives data on their data entrance site in regards to budgetary help for families and they decide low pay status by copying an official social insurance card or Centrelink card as these are implies tried. (ACT Government, Education and Training Directorate, 2013, para. 7) Scenario TwoA understudy is harmed during a class journey to the exhibition hall. The understudy is under the consideration of a parent partner and needs clinical help. Expecting that the trip doesn't require a short-term remain and the parent educator has been given the significant endorsements by the head as well as instructor in-control (WA DoE, 2003 p. 14, 3. 10. 1). The instructor in-control would have just considered that the parent aide has a working with kids check or finished a Confidential Declaration, has what it takes to play out an administrative job and to deal with a crisis should one emerge. (WA DoE, 2003, p. 8, 3. 2. ) Prior to the initiation of the trip a hazard evaluation and the board plan would have been masterminded and talked about in some detail with the staff and training official at the historical center. At the purpose of being made aware of the injury the director would motion toward the gathering of understudies the crisis signal that was conveyed and drilled before showing up at the historical center. (WA DoE, 2003, p. 12, 3. 6). Being that the historical center has prescribed understudy to boss ratio’s and doesn't offer management while on the trips (Western Australian Museum, Government of Western Australia, 2013b, p. ) the parent aide won't have the option to disregard the understudies to look for clinical consideration as this would be careless to different understudies being left unaided. The exhibition hall as indicated by their trip fundamentals data booklet anticipates that the educator in-control should bring their own emergency treatment supplies. (Western Australian Museum, Government of Western Australia, 2013a, p. 4) Depending on the idea of the injury the parent aide or instructor in-control would direct fundamental emergency treatment and if conceivable with the help and additionally direction of t he exhibition halls Senior First Aid prepared Visitor Service Officer. Western Australian Museum, Government of Western Australia, 2013b, p. 3) If earnest clinical consideration ought to be required, it would be at the attentiveness of the prepared emergency treatment official as well as parent/gatekeeper once told and clinical arrangements would be at the tact of the parent/watchman as expenses related with the mishap are the parent/watchmen obligation WA DoE, 2003, p. 25, Appendix E). During this time, the parent partner would have approached the administration plan that likewise incorporates understudy wellbeing structures and understudy crisis contact data, (WA DoE, 2003, p. 2, 3. 7) Either the parent partner or the instructor in-control would call and exhort the parent/watchman and would then contact the head. Being a gallery that is a legislature claimed fabricating, the exhibition hall is completely consistent with the open obligation protection necessities (WA DoE. Page 9, 3 . 2. 5, 2003). Situation Three understudies miss the transport for their group journey. The school chief asks you an (educator) to ship the three understudies to the trip utilizing your private vehicle.As part of the ‘duty of care’ of understudies, it is sensible for an instructor to ship understudies if they miss the transport for an excurison. In any case, as indicated by the strategy report rules â€Å"Private vehicles should possibly be utilized when there is no other alternative. † (WA DoE, 2003 p. 7, 3. 2. 2) As the chief has asked you, as an educator to ship the understudies it is reasonable for discover that every other road had been recently depleted. It ought to likewise be noticed, that it would not be sensible to accept that an understudy could make their own specific manner to the trip without being in danger of injury or danger.The obligation of care for an understudy isn't constrained to the school grounds and may require a more elevated level of o bligation of care than that of a parent’s obligation of care. (Relationship of Independent Schools, (AISSA) 2000) It would be acceptable practice, not really a necessity of the approach to contact the parent/gatekeeper to educate them that the understudy had missed the transport and to prompt them that they would go with an instructor in a private vehicle. The ramifications of not illuminating the parent/gatekeeper could be extensive, as the parent/watchman may not affirm the vehicle by an instructor in a private vehicle.The educator accountable for the outing additionally has a duty and could be held at risk, to guarantee that you the educator, driving the private vehicle has far reaching private engine vehicle protection and the vehicle agrees to the Road Traffic Act 1974. (WA DoE. Page 7, 3. 2. 2, 2003) all in all, all schools have a ‘duty of care’ to the instructors, understudies, and others while on location and offsite school grounds. A break in a ‘du ty of care’ can bring about an exorbitant and extensive lawful carelessness case.Hence, all educators that administer understudies have a good and lawful risk to be worried for the government assistance and wellbeing of understudies. By holding fast to the arrangement rules, this considers a predictable way to deal with the government assistance and security of p

How to Launch a New Product

How to Launch a New Product EVALUATE BEFORE LAUNCHIt is impossible to gauge exactly how the new product is going to be received â€" even the most experienced and large companies have had both wild success and epic failures with new product launches. Before sending out the press releases, spend some time doing a little introspective study.Evaluate the readiness of your company before starting to publicize your new product.Can your company support fast, overnight growth?If the launch is successful (and let’s face it â€" the reason you’re launching a new product is because you want it to be successful) then your company will need to be able to facilitate the increased demand.Do you have adequate staffing/supply lines/processes in place to handle the increased customer attention?Do you have protocol for handling customer inquiries and needs in a customer service department?If the answer to any of these questions is no, delay the product launch until you have sufficient resources available. At the very least, es tablish a plan for acquiring the needed resources as needed before going ahead with the product launch.Evaluate the product itselfWhen a company begins to prepare for launching a new product, there can be a tendency to sensationalize the product. Marketing personnel, ambitious sales personnel and even company executives can set their stakes on the wonderful new product they have. Taking a realistic evaluation of the product before releasing it to the public is vital to the launch success.Has the product been thoroughly tested?Does it deliver consistent results?Asking hard questions internally will not only help improve the product, but will help to ensure that the product is ready to be launched. Once you have done an internal evaluation of the product, study the answers â€" even the ones that aren’t what you want to hear. It may be tempting to overlook the negative responses, but doing so may be putting your product and your company in peril. Setting high expectations for a produ ct’s abilities can cause a swift backlash of angry customers when the product fails to deliver.Evaluate the marketMost likely, there has been market research performed in preparation for the launch. Take a close look at the results of the market research to make sure that there is a market for the product.If your product is a niche product, is there enough of a market to support the product?Does the available market have a place for your product?Conducting market research can be time consuming, but can lead to vital information that will help direct the launch of your product. Identify the feasibility of the market to accept your product, as well as the specific market that your product will appeal to. Market identification can help you to target that audience for your launch, increasing the chances for a successful launch.PLAN FOR LAUNCHOnce you start planning the actual launch, you need to look at your competition, your market, as well as your marketing strategy.Research the com petitionDuring your market research, be sure that you are evaluating not only the potential market for your product, but thoroughly investigating the competition. As you study the competition, look for some specific details that will help you not only shape your own product launch, but will give you essential information about the market that your product will be placed in. Listing the top market competitors will help you study both their products and their marketing techniques.Consider the market from your potential customer’s point of view:What service or product do they choose currently?What factors set your product apart from theirs?What are the key differences that would compel a customer to select your product over another company’s?The competition is an important source of information as you prepare to launch your product â€" don’t overlook this vital step.Identify your target marketIn addition to knowing the competition, your ideal customer must be identified as well. Finding the specific demographics of your target market will help you to tailor the launch strategy to the people most likely to purchase your product. It can be helpful to develop a target customer persona â€" complete with a “biographical sketch” and picture. Compile a list of the ideal customer’s characteristics. Use magazines, newspapers, etc. to find a picture of someone who represents the perfect customer, and post the picture in a central location. By personalizing the target market, you can gear your marketing materials to “your customer” and have greater success in making sure that your intended customers are getting the message.Develop your marketing strategyEssential to a successful product launch is the development of a well-planned marketing campaign. Using a variety of marketing channels is more likely to result in a successful launch. Use the information you’ve gathered in identifying your target customer, and then develop a multi-faceted approach to reach ing that customer. A combination of traditional advertising as well as the inclusion of social media tools will generate a wide range of interest in your product.Evaluate the potential advertising options that are best suited to your product and your market, and establish a strategy for using those tools.Would your product be best highlighted through television commercials?Does a print medium portray your product best?Are your target customers sending tweets all the time?Do they have boards filled with pins of ways to use your product?Target the people who not only use your product, but who use the tools that you’re marketing with.EXECUTING THE LAUNCHEverything is lined up, and you are ready to begin planning your launch. Even though your projected launch date is weeks away, there are still things to be done to ramp up for your launch. As the circled date on the calendar approaches, put these ‘pre-launch’ essentials into play to help create the perfect environment for your lau nch.Start promoting earlyDon’t wait until the actual launch date to start telling people about your new product. Start promoting the product several weeks before the actual launch â€" and start helping your target market recognize the name and/or product. Name recognition is key to getting customers to try your product â€" make sure that your product name is in front of the market place before the product is available.Pre-launch trials are importantBefore the launch of your product, let key people use (and subsequently, write about) your product. Offering your product to bloggers, editors, journalists and others who have a following and audience is a fantastic way to generate interest and excitement in your product. Having actual users give testimonials about the exciting new product about to be released will increase customer willingness to be on the lookout for your launch.Expert reviews have credencePut your product in front of experts in the field that your product belongs to. Releasing a new technology device? Let a programming expert put your product through its paces. Develop a new line of cookware? Ask a celebrity chef to cook with your product and write a review.  Expert users give credibility to the claims of your product as being new/revolutionary/improved, etc. By providing potential customers with a quote from experts who have used the product, you are solidifying the validity of your product claims. Even if you can’t arrange for ‘big name’ celebrities to try out your product, look for local personas that have a standing in the community where your product will be launched.Provide product information leaksBy using planned ‘leaks’ of information, you not only control the amount of information that is released to the public, you are generating a sense of drama which brings excitement and interest. Some of the largest product releases in recent years have successfully used the information leak technique to draw attention to their new pro duct. (Think about Apple’s last few product releases for examples of this.) A few well-placed pictures of the product â€" even a portion of the product â€" will begin to create a buzz of excitement. A set of launch campaign ads that feature ‘coming soon’ highlights will increase a customer’s interest in the product. Highlight a few unique features that set your product apart from the competition to get people talking about your product before the launch.Be creativeAny company can create a boring, traditional marketing campaign. If you truly want to launch your product into the marketplace with a bang, think outside the box. The more creative, the better. (Think about your favorite marketing campaigns or commercials you’ve seen. Most likely, you’ve talked about ‘that great new commercial’ with your friends or co-workers.) Generate that same type of hype about your product launch by maximizing your marketing materials with creativity.During the lead-in time to the prod uct launch, release videos or commercials that are unique in nature or that make people laugh.Take a poll of your target audience and correlate the responses into an infographic or survey response that lets potential customers see the need for your product.Consider an industry related release campaign to capitalize on the days leading up to your launch. For example, a new kitchen product may want to maximize on an up-coming holiday season by highlighting how much easier preparing large meals will be with the new product.Look for product tie-ins that will lend themselves to creative marketing for your product launch.Use people with a vested interestDistribute products to the investors who have committed funds to launching the new product. Let them use the product and begin to tell others about it. By having a vested interest in the success of the product, they will be highly motivated to promote the product to their circle of influence. Using investors to promote the product is a win -win: the product gets attention and generates excitement and the investors are helping to ensure that they get an ROI (return on investment).Be socialSocial media has forever changed the way that customers relate â€" to each other and to the global community. Harness the power of the social media by using it to generate conversations about the product launch. Explore connections that may exist solely in an online capacity â€" and develop meaningful interactions with new social circles that may be interested in your product. Instead of focusing on social media numbers, focus on the depth of interactions that you can generate. Provide compelling content about your product and then start conversations about it. As the social circle widens and expands, more and more people will begin to talk about the product, who will then in turn tell others, and so forth â€" starting a grass-roots movement to help launch your campaign.Don’t despairUnless your company is one of the massive organiza tions dominating the marketplace, your product launch may not even cause a ripple in the mainstream media. This does not spell doom for your product! Your launch date should simply be the date that your new product is available in the marketplace â€" fanfare is not necessary. In addition, not getting covered by every news media organization isn’t the end of your launch â€" so unless your new product is cutting edge and revolutionary, don’t set yourself up for frustration by expecting to be on the front page of the Wall Street Journal. Look for solid content from the smaller media outlets, and build your marketing strategy around other outlets.AFTER THE LAUNCH Launching a new product can be an exciting time for any company. Whether it is the first product the company has offered, or an addition to an already existing line, the enthusiasm and buzz in the air is contagious as dreams of instant success abound. Before presenting your product to the masses, however, there are a few things that every company needs to do to prepare for the big reveal. © Shutterstock.com | Faber14In this article, we look at 1) evaluations you must do before the launch, 2) the proper way to plan a launch, 3) successful execution of a product launch, and 4) things to keep in mind post-launch.EVALUATE BEFORE LAUNCHIt is impossible to gauge exactly how the new product is going to be received â€" even the most experienced and large companies have had both wild success and epic failures with new product launches. Before sending out the press releases, spend some time doing a little introspective study.Evaluate the readiness of your company before starting to publicize your new product.Can your company support fast, overnight growth?If the launch is successful (and let’s face it â€" the reason you’re launching a new product is because you want it to be successful) then your company will need to be able to facilitate the increased demand.Do you have adequate staffing/supply lines/processes in place to handle the increased customer attention?Do you hav e protocol for handling customer inquiries and needs in a customer service department?If the answer to any of these questions is no, delay the product launch until you have sufficient resources available. At the very least, establish a plan for acquiring the needed resources as needed before going ahead with the product launch.Evaluate the product itselfWhen a company begins to prepare for launching a new product, there can be a tendency to sensationalize the product. Marketing personnel, ambitious sales personnel and even company executives can set their stakes on the wonderful new product they have. Taking a realistic evaluation of the product before releasing it to the public is vital to the launch success.Has the product been thoroughly tested?Does it deliver consistent results?Asking hard questions internally will not only help improve the product, but will help to ensure that the product is ready to be launched. Once you have done an internal evaluation of the product, study t he answers â€" even the ones that aren’t what you want to hear. It may be tempting to overlook the negative responses, but doing so may be putting your product and your company in peril. Setting high expectations for a product’s abilities can cause a swift backlash of angry customers when the product fails to deliver.Evaluate the marketMost likely, there has been market research performed in preparation for the launch. Take a close look at the results of the market research to make sure that there is a market for the product.If your product is a niche product, is there enough of a market to support the product?Does the available market have a place for your product?Conducting market research can be time consuming, but can lead to vital information that will help direct the launch of your product. Identify the feasibility of the market to accept your product, as well as the specific market that your product will appeal to. Market identification can help you to target that audienc e for your launch, increasing the chances for a successful launch.PLAN FOR LAUNCHOnce you start planning the actual launch, you need to look at your competition, your market, as well as your marketing strategy.Research the competitionDuring your market research, be sure that you are evaluating not only the potential market for your product, but thoroughly investigating the competition. As you study the competition, look for some specific details that will help you not only shape your own product launch, but will give you essential information about the market that your product will be placed in. Listing the top market competitors will help you study both their products and their marketing techniques.Consider the market from your potential customer’s point of view:What service or product do they choose currently?What factors set your product apart from theirs?What are the key differences that would compel a customer to select your product over another company’s?The competition is an important source of information as you prepare to launch your product â€" don’t overlook this vital step.Identify your target marketIn addition to knowing the competition, your ideal customer must be identified as well. Finding the specific demographics of your target market will help you to tailor the launch strategy to the people most likely to purchase your product. It can be helpful to develop a target customer persona â€" complete with a “biographical sketch” and picture. Compile a list of the ideal customer’s characteristics. Use magazines, newspapers, etc. to find a picture of someone who represents the perfect customer, and post the picture in a central location. By personalizing the target market, you can gear your marketing materials to “your customer” and have greater success in making sure that your intended customers are getting the message.Develop your marketing strategyEssential to a successful product launch is the development of a well-planned market ing campaign. Using a variety of marketing channels is more likely to result in a successful launch. Use the information you’ve gathered in identifying your target customer, and then develop a multi-faceted approach to reaching that customer. A combination of traditional advertising as well as the inclusion of social media tools will generate a wide range of interest in your product.Evaluate the potential advertising options that are best suited to your product and your market, and establish a strategy for using those tools.Would your product be best highlighted through television commercials?Does a print medium portray your product best?Are your target customers sending tweets all the time?Do they have boards filled with pins of ways to use your product?Target the people who not only use your product, but who use the tools that you’re marketing with.EXECUTING THE LAUNCHEverything is lined up, and you are ready to begin planning your launch. Even though your projected launch dat e is weeks away, there are still things to be done to ramp up for your launch. As the circled date on the calendar approaches, put these ‘pre-launch’ essentials into play to help create the perfect environment for your launch.Start promoting earlyDon’t wait until the actual launch date to start telling people about your new product. Start promoting the product several weeks before the actual launch â€" and start helping your target market recognize the name and/or product. Name recognition is key to getting customers to try your product â€" make sure that your product name is in front of the market place before the product is available.Pre-launch trials are importantBefore the launch of your product, let key people use (and subsequently, write about) your product. Offering your product to bloggers, editors, journalists and others who have a following and audience is a fantastic way to generate interest and excitement in your product. Having actual users give testimonials about the exciting new product about to be released will increase customer willingness to be on the lookout for your launch.Expert reviews have credencePut your product in front of experts in the field that your product belongs to. Releasing a new technology device? Let a programming expert put your product through its paces. Develop a new line of cookware? Ask a celebrity chef to cook with your product and write a review.  Expert users give credibility to the claims of your product as being new/revolutionary/improved, etc. By providing potential customers with a quote from experts who have used the product, you are solidifying the validity of your product claims. Even if you can’t arrange for ‘big name’ celebrities to try out your product, look for local personas that have a standing in the community where your product will be launched.Provide product information leaksBy using planned ‘leaks’ of information, you not only control the amount of information that is released to t he public, you are generating a sense of drama which brings excitement and interest. Some of the largest product releases in recent years have successfully used the information leak technique to draw attention to their new product. (Think about Apple’s last few product releases for examples of this.) A few well-placed pictures of the product â€" even a portion of the product â€" will begin to create a buzz of excitement. A set of launch campaign ads that feature ‘coming soon’ highlights will increase a customer’s interest in the product. Highlight a few unique features that set your product apart from the competition to get people talking about your product before the launch.Be creativeAny company can create a boring, traditional marketing campaign. If you truly want to launch your product into the marketplace with a bang, think outside the box. The more creative, the better. (Think about your favorite marketing campaigns or commercials you’ve seen. Most likely, you’ve t alked about ‘that great new commercial’ with your friends or co-workers.) Generate that same type of hype about your product launch by maximizing your marketing materials with creativity.During the lead-in time to the product launch, release videos or commercials that are unique in nature or that make people laugh.Take a poll of your target audience and correlate the responses into an infographic or survey response that lets potential customers see the need for your product.Consider an industry related release campaign to capitalize on the days leading up to your launch. For example, a new kitchen product may want to maximize on an up-coming holiday season by highlighting how much easier preparing large meals will be with the new product.Look for product tie-ins that will lend themselves to creative marketing for your product launch.Use people with a vested interestDistribute products to the investors who have committed funds to launching the new product. Let them use the produc t and begin to tell others about it. By having a vested interest in the success of the product, they will be highly motivated to promote the product to their circle of influence. Using investors to promote the product is a win-win: the product gets attention and generates excitement and the investors are helping to ensure that they get an ROI (return on investment).Be socialSocial media has forever changed the way that customers relate â€" to each other and to the global community. Harness the power of the social media by using it to generate conversations about the product launch. Explore connections that may exist solely in an online capacity â€" and develop meaningful interactions with new social circles that may be interested in your product. Instead of focusing on social media numbers, focus on the depth of interactions that you can generate. Provide compelling content about your product and then start conversations about it. As the social circle widens and expands, more and mo re people will begin to talk about the product, who will then in turn tell others, and so forth â€" starting a grass-roots movement to help launch your campaign.Don’t despairUnless your company is one of the massive organizations dominating the marketplace, your product launch may not even cause a ripple in the mainstream media. This does not spell doom for your product! Your launch date should simply be the date that your new product is available in the marketplace â€" fanfare is not necessary. In addition, not getting covered by every news media organization isn’t the end of your launch â€" so unless your new product is cutting edge and revolutionary, don’t set yourself up for frustration by expecting to be on the front page of the Wall Street Journal. Look for solid content from the smaller media outlets, and build your marketing strategy around other outlets.AFTER THE LAUNCHOnce the launch date has passed, your efforts should not stop. Your launch promotion should continue to work.Maintain a steady supply of topics to reporters/journalists about the product itself.Detail customer uses of the product â€" including reports from some of the initial users of the product.Describe the changes that the product brings to the market.Write press releases about the just released product.Since you have no control over when a journalist may be able to write about your new product, keep them informed about the product through well-written content articles.As people become more aware of your product, make sure that they have easy access to not only your product, but to more information about the product as well. Offer free trials, videos, product demos â€" all specifically geared to inform the public about the new product offering. Don’t be afraid to ask customers to tell you about their experience with the new product â€" good or bad and then use those results in further advertising.Throughout the course of the marketing strategy, your campaign will need to be altered as ads become stale, sales become stagnant or customers seem to lose interest in the product. Be vigilant about keeping track of what efforts are starting to lose effectiveness so that you can make the appropriate changes. Monitoring the market conditions can also be an indicator of when a product has run its course and needs to either be revamped or pulled from the market completely.In the same manner, keeping track of which media tools were the most successful in converting potential customers into sales will give an indicator of where your efforts should be spent. Dropping the ineffectual methods and replacing them with renewed efforts in the productive methods will help not only generate income by identifying new customers; it will maximize the customer awareness.26 Product Launch Strategies[slideshare id=26669276doc=productlaunchstrategies10-130929121510-phpapp01w=710h=400]Preparing for a product launch can be both exhilarating and horrifying. The list of things to be d one seems endless â€" and the product hasn’t even been released yet! Don’t try to do everything on your own. Engage the help of professional writers, marketing strategists and other personnel who can help you initiate a successful launch. For an emerging company, it may seem frivolous and unnecessary to spend money on a pre-launch campaign, but investing in preparing the marketplace for the launch will be some of the best money spent on the product. Getting professional assistance will ensure that not only is the product being released to the target market, but that it is getting the exposure and support that it needs to be successful. Navigating the waters of a product launch requires planning and diligence, but can be accomplished â€" even by a complete novice.

The Ethical Case for and Against Censorship of Pornography

The Ethical Case for and Against Censorship of Pornography When we think about pornography, we generally imagine the movies that are extremely explicit in the scenes of sexual character. Another side of pornography one can think of is the magazines like Playboy and Hustler. Pornography, however, is much wider and can be evidenced in the art, such as paintings, photos and sculptures dating centuries and centuries back. Pornography is extremely controversial topic and there are several opinions as to its acceptability and the way it should be treated and perceived on both official and non-official level. Some of people support pornography and claim that this art is essential for open and civilized society as a proof of freedom of thought. The others, however, believe that pornography contradicts the values and norms of modern civil society. For better or worse, but pornography has always been a part of human society with the only difference that it was more or less restricted, depending on place and time. Ethical aspects of pornography are widely discussed in literature, political and social circles and received a lot of attention in previous researches. The purpose of this work is, however, to re-fresh the analysis and receive latest trend in opinions of wide public on the ethical elements of pornography. The study will be fully based on the oral survey performed on the selected sample among the population of one chosen city in the United States. Apart from the primary research question and objectives, the research group decided to widen the scope of the analysis and develop a secondary research question that will look specifically at the single-sex pornography and ethic concerns in regards of this phenomenon.

Article Review The Magic of the Placebo by David Bjerklie

Imagine going to the doctor and being given medication to heal your pain. Now how would you feel if after taking the medication and feeling better you came to find out you were given a placebo? This may sound upsetting to some, however, â€Å" a recent survey of U.S. internists and rheumatologists found that some 50% regular prescribe placebos.† A placebo is defined as a false treatment without any significant chemical properties or active ingredient. The use of placebos as a primary form of treatment with any pathology is not happening anytime soon, but their positive impact and usefulness in the medical field is becoming hard to deny. In the article, â€Å"The Magic of the Placebo†, author David Bjerklie attempts to explain the growing change in†¦show more content†¦The author continues to demonstrate how the placebo effect works by comparing it to the famous biological study by Ivan Pavlov. In Pavlov’s experiment, dogs are conditioned to respond to a specific stimulus and eventually begin to respond to the same stimulus in the same way all the time. Bjerklie explains that, â€Å"as far as the placebo effect is concerned, we may as well be those impressionable canines.† What Bjerklie means is that the human mind has the ability to be conditioned to expect certain outcomes. The placebo effect builds on the human minds ability to be conditioned and an individual’s faith in the healthcare providers it choses to visit. Overtime the human mind has come to believe that if given a medication that is suppose to have a positive effect on a specific pathology, it will in fact have an positive effect. In the last section of the article the author explains the many issues that have arisen with the discovery of the placebo effect and the many challenges that the placebo effect faces before it is accepted as a common medical practice. One major issue the author brings up is the fact that the placebo effect is not the same for everyone. The author explains that not everyone can take a placebo and expect positive results. In order to explain this variability in the article the author cites Robert Trivers, an evolutionary biologist, of Rutgers University. Trivers explains

Artificial Intelligence in Missile Technology Free Essays

string(48) " which will guide itself during its trajectory\." ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MISSILE TECHNOLOGY K. Manasa B-Tech III/IV Branch: EEE Shadan College of Engg Tech, Peerancheru, Hyderabad-08. konda_sowmya @yahoo. We will write a custom essay sample on Artificial Intelligence in Missile Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now com Abstract: The development, strength, economy and progress depends on the status of the Defence, This paper deals with various generations of computer where the fifth generation computers use Artificial Intelligence. A few applications of Artificial Intelligence used in various technologies have also been discussed. The main focus of paper is on chaser missiles, which implements the missile technology using Artificial Intelligence. The Anupama processor designed in India can be used in chasers. This shows the development of Artificial Intelligence in Indian defence systems. The On-Board Computer department of RCI and ASL of DRDO are working on similar missile technology mostly on the guidance systems for Agni, Trishul, Akash and NAG along with which even the Chaser using the AI technology may replace the existing guidance system of the missiles. Keywords: IC, VLSI, Turing test, Chasers, OBCS, Seeker, IGMDP, DRDO, BDL, Anupama Processor, Deep Blue, Seed AI. 1. Introduction: Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science that deals with helping machines finding solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. It is intelligence exhibited by any manufactured system, which is often used in works of science fiction. The term is often applied to general-purpose computers and also in the field of scientific investigation into the theory and practical application. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. For more complex problems, things get more difficult. Unlike humans, computers have trouble understanding in specific situations and adapting to new situations. Artificial Intelligence aims to improve machine behavior in tackling such complex tasks. A more or less flexible or efficient approach can be taken depending on the requirements established, which influences how artificial the intelligent behavior appears. From AI we can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods. On the other hand, most work in AI involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals. . Various Generations of a Computer: With the advent of computers there has been a vast proliferation in them. A computer is truly an amazing machine as it performs various functionalities. For generations, it has been the constant endeavor of man to get the better of his adversary by inventing more and more potent computers. Till today we got five gener ations of computers. The 1st generation computers used vacuum tubes. These computers occupied large space, liberated a large amount of heat and also lead to many uncontrolled operations. The 2nd generation computers used enormous number of transistors. After some years these transistors were fabricated on a single chip called ICs. Computers using these were called the 3rd generation computers. With the advancement of technology in VLSI, a large number of ICs were integrated on a single chip made of silicon, which is further used by the 4th generation computers. An attempt is being made to apply artificial intelligence on these computers, which constitutes the 5th generation computers. These computers are expected to be faster results and thus may influence international policies, strategy and tactics to an enormous extent. 3. Is AI different from Human Intelligence? Alan Turing’s article â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence† discussed some conditions where a machine can be used in an intelligent fashion. He argued that if a machine can perform successfully as a human can do, then the observer will certainly consider it as an intelligent device. This test called Turing test would satisfy many people but not all the philosophers. The observer can be able to interact with the machine but can’t differentiate it from the actual human works (actions voices) while interacting and thus it camouflages the observer. The Turing test is a one-sided test. A machine that passes this test should certainly be considered as intelligent, irrespective of having knowledge about human. There are many adversaries about this fact, that an excellent discussion on the Turing test is not supportive, with restrictions on the observer’s knowledge of AI and the subject matter of questioning. It turns out that some people are easily misinterpreted that, a rather dumb program is intelligent. When we set out to design an AI program, we should attempt to specify as well as possible the criteria for success for that particular program functioning in its restricted domain. . 1 Hardware for AI: In order to use AI in any system a few hardware specifications are required. The minimum requirements include a computing system containing an IC built processor, a control unit, memory devices, and a converter for external interfaces, floating-point unit, input-output ports and timers. These components work relatively with the computing system as per the AI o riented software. 4. 2 Software for AI Software is the intelligence that runs the hardware in a computer. Basically AI is in form of information fed to the processor through a programming language. The parameters acts as input that results into desired output. A fifth generation language use AI to create software based on our description of what the software should do. 5. Missile Technology and AI: Missile: It is an object or weapon that is fired, thrown, dropped, or projected at a target. Missiles play major role in warfare. The earlier versions of missiles were simple in design and operation. When the fighter plane first came into use the missiles used were of simple nature that involved only target mode and firing angle. The present day missiles are much complicated. The concept of employment of these missiles has also undergone a drastic change. Chasers: It is a type of missile that may be designed to chase the target until it hits or causes damage to the target. The Chaser contains an OBCS in its control unit, which contains AI as a backup, which will guide itself during its trajectory. You read "Artificial Intelligence in Missile Technology" in category "Essay examples" Chaser continuously emits either Laser light, Infrared rays or Radio waves continuously from its IR Dome. When the enemy unit comes in its path a part of these waves reflect back giving a signal to the Chaser. Then this missile automatically changes its position so as to knock down the enemy. [pic] [pic] [pic] Working: The main purpose of an OBCS is to obtain guidance and control. The OBCS mainly contains an IC built processor, a control unit, memory devices like flash memory, SRAM, NVRAM, communication devices like UART and a converter for external interfaces. It is the seeker that actually applies AI. Before missile is launched the target is fed to the OBC in the form of a signal or image, which is basically intelligence. The seeker continuously scans the image target and gives signal to the OBCS. The input is in the form of co-ordinates that allows the chaser to change the position of radar and direction of missile by changing the position of the fins, nozzle and wings such that the target is always at its center of view. This is done by the control unit by varying the altitudes of the missile i. e. Roll, Yaw and Pitch thus guiding the missile towards its target. [pic] The missile control operation follows a closed loop system. Characteristics: The following are the characteristics to be possessed by a Chaser: †¢ The chaser should be faster than sharp enemy. It should take the shortest path to reach the enemy. †¢ The Propellant composition should be such that it is able to effectively engage the target. †¢ The longitudinal, lateral and vertical axis of missile must be varied in a smooth fashion when enemy tries to dive or jump suddenly. Future Trends: With the application of AI the missiles may be capable of automatic target recognition and even be able to tell the condition of the terrain. It may be able to identify tanks and trucks as friendly or enemy vehicles. The missile, while in flight may have the ability to prioritize target on battlefield. If the missile thinks that it should go after a high priority target rather than trying to kill its original target, it will do so. Software programme will be so advanced that mission options will be decided by brains built into the missiles with the help of embedded real time computers. The ongoing developments and changes in this field may however cannot be forecasted. 6. Development of AI in India: India launched its missile development programme through IGMDP under the aegis of DRDO, the premier defence research agency. Under this programme five missile systems are currently under different stages of development and production. BDL, Hyderabad has also been established as a premier production agency for all missile systems. The following missiles form part of IGMDP: Prithvi – Introduced in 1996 Trishul – under development AKASH – under development NAG – under development AGNI – under development The most recent attempt made for the development of AI based technology in India is the design of Anupama Processor. It has been designed at Anurag Research Institute, Hyderabad. Anupama was first used in Mission Control system mounted on under water self propelled missile, Torpedo. It is a 32-bit processor based on RISC architecture. It mainly contains a 32-bit floating-point unit, 32-bit parallel input-output port and two 16-bit timers. It has a non-multiplexed bus structure with 32 data lines and 32 address lines. A bus interface unit supports Synchronous, Asynchronous and Burst data transverse. It also supports dynamic bus sizing. The same can also be used in OBCS of chasers. 7. Other Applications: 7. 1 Robotics: Robots are typically used to do tasks that are too dull, dirty, or dangerous for humans. Industrial robots used in manufacturing lines used to be the most common form of robots. Other applications of Robotics include toxic waste cleanup, underwater and space exploration, surgery, mining, search and rescue, and mine finding. Robots are also finding their way into entertainment and home health care. 7. 2 Medicine: Artificial Intelligence in Medicine allow computers to process and analyze three-dimensional images of the heart in much the same way an experienced human operator would. The program applies artificial intelligence techniques to the measurement of parameters critical to understanding the state and behavior of the human heart. This automated approach allows information to be obtained very quickly that is quantitatively accurate and does not suffer from intra-observer or inter-observer variability. The software and algorithms developed by the AIM program are widely considered to represent the gold standard in nuclear cardiology. 7. 3 Banking: AI systems are used to detect fraud and expenditure financial transactions, with daily transaction volumes in billions. These systems first use learning algorithms to construct profiles of consumer usage patterns, and then use the resulting profiles to detect unusual patterns and take appropriate action. Ex: To disable the credit card. 7. 4 Data Processing: Data Mining, the extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases, is a powerful new technology with great potential to help companies focus on most important information in the data warehouses. Data mining tools predict future trends and behaviors, allowing business to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. It answers business questions that traditionally were too time consuming to resolve. The past history in the form of records is taken as a backup, which is fed in the form of intelligence for data processing. 7. 5 Game playing: The AI based machines can be applied for playing games mainly through brute force computation using the entire game play as a backup in the form of AI. Advantage of using this type of machine is the players can have a practice session where they will have a tough opponent (machine) and then in a real match the players will not face much difficulty. Ex: Deep Blue computer for chess. 7. 6 Speech Recognition: The areas where continous interaction is required between the user and computer, the need not go for the commands using input devices. He can just dictate the commands while the system accepts it in the form of speech signal and achieves the task to be performed. Ex: In a highly protected zone where the security levels must be maintained high can make use of speech recognition system, where the password can be broken only by a particular official. 7. 7 Computer Vision: The human eye as well as TV cameras capture objects and give it as an input to the main system. But here the input given is two-dimensional; some programs may run with this input while the computers require partial three-dimensional information that can be possible by computer vision. Ex: The images taken from satellites can be of three-dimensional type. 7. 8 Machine Translation: It is a form of translation where a computer program analyses text in one language i. e. , â€Å"Source text† and attempts to produce another language called â€Å"Target text† without human intervention. Ex: In the fields having highly limited ranges of vocabulary and simple sentence structure like weather reports, machine translation can deliver useful results. 7. 9 Handwriting Recognition: Several attempts were made to produce ink pens that include digital components such that a person write on a paper and have the resulting text stored digitally. So the user need not write once in a paper and then enter it again as input in computer, thus saving time. 8. Friendly AI: Friendliness theory is a proposed solution to the dangers believed to stem from smarter-than-human artificial intelligence. According to the theory, the goals of future AIs will be more arbitrary and alien than commonly depicted in science fiction and earlier futurist speculation, in which AIs are often anthropomorphized and assumed to share universal human desires. Because AI is not guaranteed to see the â€Å"obvious† aspects of morality and goals that humans see so effortlessly, the theory goes, AIs with intelligences greater than our own may concern themselves with endeavors that humans would see as pointless or even laughably bizarre. One example is that of an AI initially designed to manufacture paperclips, which, upon becoming superhumanly intelligent, tries to develop molecular nanotechnology because it wants to convert all matter in the solar system into paperclips. Friendliness theory stresses less the danger of superhuman AIs that actively seek to harm humans, but more of AIs that are disastrously indifferent to them if steps are not taken to specifically design them to be benevolent. Doing so effectively is the primary goal of Friendly AI. This belief that human goals are so arbitrary derives heavily from modern advances in evolutionary psychology. Friendliness theory claims that most AI speculation is clouded by analogies between AIs and humans, and assumptions that all possible minds must exhibit characteristics that are actually psychological adaptations that exist in humans (and other animals) only because they were once beneficial and perpetuated by natural selection. Many supporters of FAI speculate that AI able to alter and improve itself, seed AI, is likely to create a huge power disparity between it and less intelligent human minds, that its ability to reprogram itself would very quickly outpace human ability to exercise any meaningful control over it. While many doubt such scenarios are likely, if they were to occur, it would be important for AI to act benevolently towards humans. One of the most recent significant advancements in Friendliness theory is the collective volition model. More concretely, the collective volition of humanity is the actions we would collectively take if we knew more, thought faster, etc Friendly AI should initially seek to determine the collective volition of humanity, with which it can then alter its goals accordingly. 9. Conclusion: Artificial intelligence has to be applied to the machines where the human involvement is not applicable. Keeping this in point of view, we have seen ample applications in real life so as to enhance the life of the human. These machines are very well suited for real time systems because of their fast response and computational efforts. In future people will witness a radical change in the cyber environment in the form of artificial intelligent oriented technologies. The country’s economical development depends on the strength of Defence. The chaser missile mentioned in this paper uses this reliable technology playing a prominent role in fortifying the defence. Further research on the lines of missile technology using AI may fetch more advanced and better technology in designing the missiles. From past so many years India was depending on other countries for its requirements in Defence. Now with this India will be self-dependant. Regarding the usage of AI even today there are so many comments on the threat towards humans from this intelligent so called machines. For this the friendly AI mentioned in this paper can be an answer. Finally we would like to conclude that the applications of Artificial Intelligence might be applied in real life making it no longer a fiction. 10. Acronyms: AI: Artificial Intelligence. IC: Integrated circuit. VLSI: Very Large Scale Integration. OBCS: Onboard Computer System SRAM: Static Random Access Memory NVRAM: Non Volatile RAM UART: Universal asynchronous receiver transmitter RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computing IGMDP: Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme. DRDO: Defence Research and Development Organisation. BDL: Bharat Dynamics Limited. RCI: Research Center Imarat ASL: Advanced Systems Lab 11. References: †¢ â€Å"Computing Machinery Artificial Intelligence† 3rd edition, by Alan Turing. †¢ Research paper on â€Å"Machine Intelligence† by Sankar Kumar Paul, Indian Stastical Institute, Kolkata. †¢ â€Å"Super Intelligent Machines† by Bill Hibbard. †¢ â€Å"Artificial Intelligence† 2nd edition 2004, by Elaine. Rich and Kevin Knight. †¢ â€Å"Applications of AI† by Richardson, IEEE paper, September 2004. How to cite Artificial Intelligence in Missile Technology, Essay examples

The Hundred Years War Essays (2360 words) - Anglo-French Wars

The Hundred Years War The Hundred Years War The definition of the Golden Rule is that those with the gold make the rules. In other words, those with the gold have the power as well as those with the power have the gold. History books will discuss the general reasons for war such as freedom from adversity or freedom from religion. But the real issue for any war is the thirst for power and control; and the means to finance them are the economic issues. Nations will endure years of fighting for power and control. France and England fought each other for more than a hundred years to have control of the Channel trade routes. 1 This century of warring was known as The Hundred Years' War and is the longest war in record history. It began in 1337 when King Edward III invaded Normandy and ended in 1453 when France won the Battle of Bordeaux. However, it was not a hundred years of constant battle; there were periods of truces in between. 2 One cause for the Hundred Years' War was the claim to the French throne. The conflict began when the direct line of succession died without a male heir and the nobles decided to pass the crown to a cousin, Philip of Valois. But this left two other male cousins equally deserving of the crown; Charles, King of Navarre and Edward III, King of England. 3 Edward III claimed that he himself was deserving of the throne because his mother was the sister of the late French king, while Philip VI was only a cousin. But according to French law, no women could inherit the throne, nor could the crown be inherited through a woman. 4 Philip of Valois chances of becoming King of France had been remote and he had not been brought up as the future lieutenant of God on Earth. Philip VI spent much of his resources on entertainment and finery with gay abandon. 5 This caused conflict with the king's subjects. Since the king was considered to be sacred and inviolable, neither cousin would challenge Philip VI. However, they would exploit the situation and King Edward III lost no time and invaded Normandy with an army of 10,000 men. 6 This leads to another cause for The Hundred Years' War. The land along the Channel and Atlantic coasts was England's first line of defense against an invasion. England held claim to this territory from the twelth century through the marriage of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. King Edward III was determined to gain control of the French coastline while providing himself with a bridgehead for future expeditions into France. 7 But the major cause of The Hundred Years' War was the economic interest - the revenues to be gotten from this rich territory. Wine was Gasgony's largest export product and major source of income to the vassal. Wool was England's largest export product and the source of its wealth. English pastures produced fleeces that were the envy of Europe which Flanders depended on for its wool and linen market. 8 English sheep growers sold their long fine wool to weavers in Flanders, across the English Channel. Flemish weavers as well as English sheep growers depended on this trade for their business. In 1336, Philip VI arrested all the English merchants in Flanders and took away all the privileges of the Flemish towns and the craft guilds. Resulting in the Flemings revolting against the French control and making an alliance with England. 9 Consequently, the flourishing market of the industrial cities of Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp and Ypres were naturally coveted by the Kings of France and England. Moreover, the Bordeaux harbor was within the borders of English Gascony and was the center of the shipping and trading industry. Commodities such as grains, dairy products, dyes and salt would be shipped into Bordeaux via the Dordogne and Garonne Rivers and the merchants were charged a customs fee for these products. Also, Bordeaux would receive duties on wine, whether shipped-in or grown on Gascon soil. Consequently, the profits from the tolls and customs made Bordeaux the economic capital of Gascony. Furthermore, control of neighboring areas such as Guyenne and Calais were